Did the entire round get stuck on the lands? If so, take the stripped barrel, place it on a wooden or plastic surface and using an old cleaning rod, lightly tap it out from the muzzle. It will come out, and it's safe...just don't hammer on the primer! haha!
Looks like its just the bullet in there to me. If there is no brass casing , powder, primer, ect left in the hole, I would just knock it back out from the other side.
I never had that happen to me so wait for some other opinions to.
If it is stuck pretty bad, you can drill a hole through the bullet and relieve some of the tension. That'll make it come out easier.
Looks like you had a powderless round aka "squib". Bullet is stuck in barrel. <1"from chamber. insert a brass rod (about 3/8" dia) in the muzzle. set the chamber end of the barrel on a block of wood and whack the brass rod with a hammer. This will push the bullet back into the chamber where it should fall free. Problem fixed.
This works best with a rod about as long as the barrel
Not to change the subject, but I talked to a guy a while back that said he ended up with 3 in the barrel all at the same time. He had some low powder target ammo he reloaded. He said that was a mess to clean out.
Could of got him hurt to.
Wooden dowel. Tap gently from the muzzle end (obviously with the barrel ends both pointing away from anything you treasure) I bet it comes out pretty easily. Like somebody said, maybe a little oil to help smooth the ejection.
Live round because it a complete unfired round that the firing pin has struck the primer. Could be squib round with no powder as suggested but could also be just waiting for a harder strike on the primer to set the sucker off. Not so easy peezy!!